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ABB releases research report on major decarbonization pathways in the steel industry, focusing on global technological innovation

ABB has released a report exploring carbon capture, hydrogen energy, and electrochemistry as the main decarbonization pathways in steel production. This report focuses on the innovative methods and new technological developments in fossil free steel achieved by Brazil, China, India, Sweden, and the United States, including insights from leading global steel manufacturers such as SSAB, Tata Steel, and Aperam, as well as experts from the American Steel Institute and ABB.

The steel industry accounts for approximately 8% of global energy demand and produces 7-9% of global carbon dioxide emissions, with the majority coming from coal combustion. The new report by ABB titled ‘The Development Path of Fossil Free Steel – How to Achieve a Sustainable Future’ explores the current decarbonization challenges, including the cost and complexity of transitioning to low-carbon technologies and accessing hydrogen energy, clean electricity, high-grade iron ore, fossil free carbon, and lime.

The current steel production is a carbon and energy intensive industry, classified as one of the six “difficult to decarbonize” industries. In order to achieve the climate change target set by the United Nations’ Paris Agreement of keeping global temperatures within 1.5 ° C of pre industrial levels, the steel industry must achieve net zero emissions by 2050. This requires a thorough transformation of the steel industry, especially against the backdrop of an expected 30% increase in global steel demand during the same period.

This report introduces the actions that steel producers can currently take to reduce carbon emissions in the short to medium term, as well as the steps they can take to collaborate with industry suppliers and partners towards a fossil free steel future.

Regulatory, commercial, and social drivers are accelerating the decarbonization process in the steel industry, “said Frederik Esterhuizen, Global Head of ABB’s Steel and Nonferrous Metals business.” However, in order to address the core challenges mentioned in ABB’s report and gradually phase out fossil fuels, the steel industry needs strong comprehensive solutions and collaboration at all levels of the global steel supply chain to achieve success”

Through cooperation, a digital, autonomous, and fossil free steel industry can be achieved. ABB is adopting a collaborative and cooperative approach to integrate innovative technologies with ABB’s existing product portfolio for the steel industry. Throughout the world, the steel industry is committed to achieving a sustainable future, and multiple promising technologies are being implemented. Through innovation and cooperation, the future of green steel is promising.

ABB has been recognized as a leader in asset performance management by research and analysis company Verdantinx

  • ABB Ability ™ The leadership of the Genix APM suite has earned ABB recognition as a leading provider of Asset Performance Management (APM) solutions
  • Verdantinx analysis report documents ABB’s progress from challenger to industry leader in just 12 months
  • This recognition highlights ABB’s continued investment in digital innovation and commitment to the development of APM solutions

ABB was recognized as a leader in the Asset Performance Management (APM) solution report for the Verdantinx Green Quadrant in 2024, which evaluates software suppliers across 18 competency areas and nine strategic success factors.

Verdantinx has placed ABB in the leadership quadrant, recognizing the advanced features and strategic advantages provided by its solutions. ABB is also recognized for its interoperability, expertise, and ability to integrate third-party systems.

ABB’s promotion from challenger to industry leader is also attributed to its successful integration of first principles models with advanced artificial intelligence capabilities to enhance asset health and fault prediction. ABB is also heavily investing in several innovative projects that are currently under development, such as developing in the fields of automation and artificial intelligence to create dynamic Failure Modes, Utility, and Criticality Analysis (FMEA), Effects and Criticality Analysis, Abbreviated as FMECA, digital twin extension, and Genix APM Copilot based on generative artificial intelligence.

These advancements will accelerate the deployment of asset maintenance management software, shorten the time to deliver value, improve user experience, provide richer scenario based support, and support safer and more sustainable operations.

The Verdantinx report particularly emphasizes ABB’s “market leading platform development capabilities and robust data management support,” giving the Genix APM platform and suite the highest score of 3.0 for the development environment provided.

Stacey Jones, Portfolio Manager of ABB Energy Industry APM, said, “Asset intensive industries are facing multiple pressures, and the evolution towards predictive maintenance solutions is the trend. Verdantinx believes that this is the strongest growth area before 2030 ABB adopts a modular APM approach, which enables us to meet the various needs of our customers, regardless of their asset management level, as we can gradually expand our corresponding capabilities. Verdantinx’s recognition demonstrates our continuous efforts to provide leading APM solutions, optimize asset performance and operational efficiency, and support our customers on their journey towards digital transformation, energy management, and sustainable development.

Verdantinx also recognizes ABB’s powerful asset health workflow, which can provide asset health management above market average, including comprehensive tracking of asset health and performance, predicting failures, and providing recommendations for equipment maintenance. In addition, ABB has performed well in utilizing pre built libraries and AI based analytical capabilities, providing in-depth insights into asset health.

ABB flagship digital energy management system completed AI upgrade

ABB’s flagship digital energy management and optimization system, ABB AbilityTM OPTIMAX ® The latest version of can achieve coordinated control of multiple industrial assets and processes, improve energy efficiency, and reduce pollutant and carbon emissions.

Upgraded ABB Ability ™ OPTIMAX ® 6.4 will feature artificial intelligence modules that can enhance the accuracy and precise coordinated control of multiple assets in industrial sites and hybrid power plants.

This digital energy management and optimization system unlocks the efficiency password of multi user, multi energy forms of industry, reducing the cost and emissions of complex systems.

Modular systems are easy to install and can achieve automated and semi automated software updates and upgrades.

ABB launches ABB Ability ™ OPTIMAX ® 6.4 version, which is the latest version of its flagship digital energy management and optimization system, can achieve coordinated control of multiple industrial assets and processes, improve energy efficiency, reduce pollutant emissions and carbon emissions.

The performance and availability upgrades of OPTIMAX include an AI module that can enhance predictions of load demand, energy production, and energy prices without the need for manual intervention. This will significantly improve the accuracy of daily and mid day predictions when power plants supply power to the grid, helping to avoid fines or other penalties that may arise due to failure to supply power according to predictions.

“At ABB, we believe that the greenest energy is unused energy, so improving efficiency throughout the entire energy value chain is crucial,” said Dr. Sleman Saliba, Global Energy Efficiency Management and Optimization Product Manager at ABB Energy Industry. “OPTIMAX aims to accelerate industrial carbon reduction by upgrading and incorporating the latest technologies, targeting the latest market opportunities, to help protect resources, integrate and optimize energy systems, industrial sectors, and energy utilization methods, and promote more efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy conversion and utilization.”

The latest version of OPTIMAX combines digital technology and modular solutions, simplifying user interface presentation and providing an updated optimized environment to address energy management challenges faced by industrial enterprises and energy suppliers. In a complex thermal power plant in Germany, OPTIMAX saved an additional 1.5% in energy costs in the first six months, achieving a one-year return on investment for customers.

At present, industry accounts for about a quarter of global energy related carbon dioxide emissions, and ABB is continuously expanding the areas served by OPTIMAX to accelerate industrial carbon reduction. At present, OPTIMAX has helped operators in various fields, including heating and power generation, green hydrogen, electricity to X, carbon capture and storage (CCS), wastewater treatment, electric vehicles, regional heating and cooling, improve energy efficiency through strategic planning of energy flow and asset utilization.

In addition, the modular design of OPTIMAX makes it easy to install, and each component can be ordered separately. Modular platforms support automatic and semi-automatic updates and upgrades.

By combining Power Process Management (PMS), Advanced Process Control (APC), and Digital Twin technology, ABB provides the entire value chain solution from front-end engineering design (FEED) to operations and services for industries including power generation, oil and gas, chemical, and hydrogen.

ABB Process Automation Division provides automation, electrification, and digital solutions for industrial operations, meeting a wide range of user needs from energy, water, and material supply to product manufacturing and transportation.

With advanced technology and service expertise, ABB’s Process Automation Division has approximately 21000 employees worldwide dedicated to helping customers in the process industry, hybrid industry, and maritime industry improve operational performance and safety, empowering a more sustainable and efficient future.

ABB is a technology leader in the field of electrical and automation, committed to empowering a more sustainable and efficient future. ABB integrates engineering experience and software technology into a solution to optimize manufacturing, transportation, energy, and operations. With a history of over 140 years of excellence, ABB’s approximately 105000 employees worldwide are dedicated to promoting innovation and accelerating industrial transformation.

ABB has comprehensive business activities in China, including research and development, manufacturing, sales, and engineering services. It has about 30 local enterprises and approximately 15000 employees in nearly 130 cities, with online and offline channels covering approximately 700 cities nationwide.

ABB launches new generation robot control platform OmniCore ™

The platform has improved enterprise productivity and flexibility through faster, more precise, and more autonomous automation technologies.
A strategic investment of $170 million has been made in the new generation robot control platform, aimed at accelerating the achievement of more advanced and sustainable automation goals.
The unique single control architecture integrates the complete hardware and software of ABB robots.
Today, ABB Robotics officially released OmniCore ™, This is a faster, more precise, and more sustainable intelligent automation platform aimed at empowering enterprises and improving their future development capabilities.
The OmniCore? Platform is the result of ABB’s investment of over $170 million in next-generation robotics technology, marking a significant shift towards modularity and future control architecture. This architecture will realize the comprehensive integration of artificial intelligence, sensors, cloud computing and edge computing systems, and create the most advanced and autonomous robot applications.
According to An Shiming, President of ABB Robotics and Discrete Automation Division,
For our clients, automation is a strategic requirement as they seek greater flexibility, ease of operation, and efficiency to address global trends such as labor shortages, market instability, and more sustainable operations.


By developing advanced mechatronics, artificial intelligence, and vision systems, our robots are easier to use than ever before, with better performance, higher flexibility, and mobility. But they must also cooperate with each other and ensure seamless and smooth operation, undertaking more tasks in more places. This is how we launched OmniCore ™ The reason is a new milestone in our 50 year history in the field of robotics; A unique single control architecture that integrates our entire set of leading hardware and software through one platform and one language.
OmniCore’s top-notch motion performance enables robots to achieve path accuracy of up to 0.6 millimeters and can run at high speeds of up to 1600 millimeters per second while controlling multiple robots. This brings new automation opportunities for precision fields such as arc welding, mobile phone display screen assembly, gluing, and laser cutting. Overall, compared to previous ABB controllers, OmniCore? Has increased the robot’s operating speed by 25% and reduced energy consumption by 20%.
OmniCore? Is built on a scalable modular control architecture, providing rich functionality to create almost any application that can be imagined, meeting the needs of existing and new segmented markets that introduce automation technology, such as biotechnology and construction enterprises. With over 1000 hardware and software features, customers can easily design, operate, maintain, and optimize operations. Including ABB’s Absolute Accuracy and PickMaster ® Twin software, as well as hardware such as external axes, visual systems, and fieldbus.
Ma Sikang, Global President of ABB Robotics Business Unit, said,


The difference of OmniCore? Is that it can manage motion, sensors, and application devices in a unified system as a whole. OmniCore? Opens the door to the complete set of hardware and software product combinations for ABB robots, allowing for arbitrary combinations under one control platform, providing all possibilities and more conditions for value creation. For example, OmniCore? Enables car manufacturers to increase production speed, provide a huge competitive advantage, and increase stamping production output. With the addition of dedicated functional application modules for stamping automation, the output of the robot stamping production line can be increased from 12 strokes per minute to 15 strokes per minute, producing 900 parts per hour.
On the occasion of celebrating the 50th anniversary of robots, we believe in OmniCore ™ It can promote breakthroughs in more industries and help customers from all walks of life cope with future challenges.
Since the launch of the world’s first microprocessor controlled robot in 1974, ABB Robotics launched RobotStudio in 1998 ® Software, acquired Seven Sense in 2024, brings industry-leading artificial intelligence based navigation technology to mobile robots. OmniCore? Is the latest advancement on ABB’s 50 year innovation journey in robotics. You can learn more about the 50th anniversary celebration of ABB Robot on WeChat, Weibo, Tiktok and Station B, or click “Read the original text” to log on to the official page of the 50th anniversary to learn the latest news and trends.

Sales volume for 11 consecutive years, global first industrial robot localization accelerating

The industrial robot industry will enter a new stage. In March of this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology publicly solicited opinions from the public on the “Normative Conditions for the Industrial Robot Industry (2024 Edition)” (draft for soliciting opinions) and the “Implementation Measures for the Standardized Management of the Industrial Robot Industry (2024 Edition)” (draft for soliciting opinions).
A reporter from China Business Daily recently interviewed some industrial robot companies in Chengdu and learned that the increase in the localization rate of industrial robots not only effectively improves production efficiency and reduces costs for the domestic manufacturing industry, but also provides great help in solving the problem of difficult employment. On the other hand, companies are also looking forward to more usage scenarios for industrial robots.
More stable, faster, stronger
At the beginning of this month, Ubisoft announced that its industrial version of the humanoid robot Walker S will enter the Dongfeng Liuqi factory to carry out safety belt inspection, door lock inspection, headlight cover plate inspection, and body quality inspection work during the automotive manufacturing process. Industry speculation suggests that the first large-scale application of humanoid robots in the future will be in the industrial sector.
In fact, before humanoid robots, industrial robots that resembled a powerful large “iron arm” had already unleashed tremendous energy in the manufacturing industry. Deng Shihai, Deputy General Manager of Carnot, told reporters that industrial robots have three major advantages: speed, accuracy, and load-bearing capacity. For example, the CRP-RH26-210 produced by the company is capable of grabbing items weighing up to 210 kilograms for operation, with a repeated positioning accuracy of 0.06 millimeters, which cannot be achieved by human hands.
More importantly, some dirty, tiring, and even dangerous jobs are currently facing the problem of difficult recruitment. For example, polishing metal parts can produce dust, which is harmful to human health; The arc light during welding also causes great damage to human eyes and skin, and heavy protective equipment needs to be worn during the operation. Many young people nowadays are unwilling to do these jobs, leading to difficulties in recruiting. Industrial robots can replace humans to do these tasks, avoiding harm to human bodies and solving the problem of companies not being able to recruit people.
The reporter saw a white machine operating and showcasing in the product exhibition hall of Canop. It can smoothly complete the actions of grabbing, moving, and placing at designated positions, moving quickly and grabbing and placing gently, just like a meticulous worker. But unlike humans, it can work continuously for hundreds of hours without stopping.
Sichuan Chengwu Baoma Welding Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Chengwu Baoma”), which integrates industrial robot systems, has expanded its business to Europe and Africa, and has established overseas localization teams. Yang Congjun, the general manager of the company’s business unit, also stated that the operation of industrial robots is more reliable in terms of accuracy. “For example, when applying glue, workers may apply glue unevenly, but after setting the parameters, the result of each application of the industrial robot is the same, and the product quality is relatively consistent.”.
Industrial robots are widely used in consumer electronics, automobiles, metal products and other fields, and with the rise of the new energy industry, they are gradually expanding into industries such as lithium batteries and photovoltaics. The reporter learned that welding robots are one of the main application categories of industrial robots, and the stock of welding robots accounts for about 50% of the global in-service industrial robots.
According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, from 2015 to 2022, the annual production of industrial robots in China increased from 33000 units to 443000 units, an increase of over 12 times in 8 years. The latest data from the National Bureau of Statistics shows that the production of industrial robots increased by 25.9% year-on-year in April 2024.
The research report of Great Wall Guorui Securities also pointed out that the rapid development of the new energy industry in recent years has brought about an increasing demand for industrial robots, which is of great significance for improving the localization rate of industrial robots in China. For example, in 2022, the growth rate of robot shipments in the automotive electronics and lithium battery industries exceeded 30%, while the growth rate of robot shipments in the photovoltaic industry exceeded 20%.


Continuously promoting independent research and development
“The development of industrial robots is a result of the domestic industrialization level reaching a certain level,” Deng Shihai admitted. In fact, foreign industrial robots have matured for a long time, and the development of domestic industrial robots to the current scale indicates that the level of industrialization in China has been relatively high.
However, more than a decade ago, domestic industrial robots were highly dependent on imports, and many components could not be produced domestically. In 2012, at the beginning of Deng Shihai’s entrepreneurship, he found that the cost of purchasing parts to assemble industrial robots was already similar to the cost of purchasing a complete industrial robot. Therefore, he resolutely turned to independent research and development of core technologies such as robot controllers, servo systems, and sensors. Later, he gradually gained the ability to independently develop and produce complete machines.
In 2013, China surpassed Japan for the first time to become the world’s largest industrial robot market, with sales reaching 36600 units that year, accounting for 20.52% of the global market. As of now, this pattern has been ongoing for 11 years. According to IFR data, the export volume of industrial robots in China reached a new high in 2023, reaching 118300 units.
According to Song Xiaogang, Secretary General of the China Machinery Industry Federation and Executive Director and Secretary General of the Robotics Branch of the China Machinery Industry Federation, in recent years, the scale of the Chinese industrial robot market has grown rapidly, with a market share exceeding half of the world for two consecutive years.
Yang Congjun told reporters that in the past, the adhesive equipment and cables used by industrial robots needed to be imported, but now they have gradually been localized, which can significantly reduce the operating costs of enterprises.
Localization not only brings advantages in scale, but also greatly improves the equipment upgrade speed of manufacturing enterprises. Deng Shihai pointed to an industrial robot used for polishing in the exhibition hall and told reporters that a manufacturer of car wheels needs to order polishing robots. In the era of artificial labor, it is up to people to observe whether the polishing is in place. The first generation of industrial robots could only adjust the polishing degree through the force control of the robotic arm, and it was always difficult to meet the accuracy requirements.
After receiving feedback from the customer, Canop urgently developed an improvement plan and creatively set up a camera above the machine for monitoring. Through image analysis, the polishing degree was judged, and the operation of the robotic arm was adjusted at any time. The customer was very satisfied in the end. In the past, large industrial robot companies abroad did not develop customized solutions in such a detailed area, but domestic manufacturers were able to make customized models more flexible, and equipment maintenance in the later stage was also more convenient.
“Manufacturing enterprises attach great importance to the reliability of equipment.” Deng Shihai introduced that most enterprises prefer to use foreign equipment that has been cooperating for many years, so it is difficult for domestic equipment to take the first step of winning their trust. Once domestic equipment is put on the production line, the flexibility of localization is reflected: “If there is equipment that needs to be debugged and upgraded, we can quickly provide a plan and start adjusting, and each process should be much more convenient.” However, this also puts high requirements on the self-developed level of domestic manufacturers. “The debugging of some devices requires modifying the underlying code, and only through independent research and development can we achieve complete control.” Deng Shihai introduced that nearly half of Carnot’s nearly 400 employees are research and development technicians.
Fortunately, there are now more and more industrial robot companies like this. The Chengdu Longtan Industrial Robot Industry Functional Zone, where Carnot is located, focuses on the development of a new economic industry cluster dominated by intelligent robots and digital communication. This area has gathered 12 leading enterprises in the robot industry chain and 61 upstream and downstream related enterprises. Liu Jun, Deputy Director of the Management Committee of the Industrial Functional Zone, stated in an interview with reporters that the functional zone is still attracting more related enterprises to settle in. In the future, the functional zone will achieve an industrial chain effect of “up and down buildings, that is, upstream and downstream”.
With the rapid development of industrial robots in China, they also require more scene support. Deng Shihai told reporters that he hopes there will be more scenarios in which industrial robots can be used in the future, such as introducing industrial robots to more manufacturing industries beyond automobiles and photovoltaics, in order to improve the range of machine use. In his view, this is also the only way to upgrade the industrial sector.

More Than 500,000 Industrial Robots Shipped in 2023

Overall global industrial robot shipment volumes exceeded 500,000 units in 2023, according to global market research firm Interact Analysis. This was a similar level to that seen in 2022 but the average price of industrial robots decreased last year. After a record high in 2021, 2023 reached a low point in terms of revenues and shipments but the long-term forecast remains positive. The global industrial robot market is expected to grow on average, by 3.7% per year between 2024 and 2028.
Taking a look at the market by industry and region, sales of industrial robots to the automotive industry in the Americas faced significant pressure in 2023, resulting in sluggish growth for this segment of the market – one of the largest downstream industries for industrial robots in the region. Mexico in particular has high dependence on the automotive industry, therefore creating a greater impact on industrial robot sales in the region. On the whole, growth of industrial robots in the Americas plummeted by 17.3% in 2023; compared with APAC, which saw a slight increase in growth, and EMEA, which remained stable.
The American markets accounted for around 17% of global industrial robot revenues compared to 62% for APAC and 22% for EMEA. The industrial robot market enjoyed strong growth in the Americas during the immediate post-COVID period in both the automotive and non-automotive industries, where manufacturers were continually looking for ways to improve their production processes and reduce manufacturing costs by adopting the technology.


The top three most common applications – material handling, welding and assembly – accounted for over 70% of industrial robot market revenues in 2023, with material handling accounting for one third on its own. This common application is particularly dominant in the Americas and Europe. The American market has the highest market concentration globally, where the top 5 suppliers shared nearly 80% of revenues and over 2/3 of unit shipments.
Maya Xiao, research manager at Interact Analysis, commented, “The average price per unit of an industrial robot is on a downward trajectory, following a rise for two consecutive years, and we expect a price decline of around 3% per year between 2024 and 2028. The COVID-19 pandemic coupled with high energy prices and inflation caused an average price increase in 2022. We originally expected robot prices to decrease again in 2023, but ongoing supply chain and inflation issues resulted in prices creeping up to levels close to those seen in 2022. This increased ‘price effect’ was also partially due to the market trend towards heavy payload robots, which are materially a more expensive product.
“It is important to note that our robotics forecasts are underpinned by the Interact Analysis Manufacturing Industry Output (MIO) Tracker. We can see from our data that the growth profile for industrial robots reflects the manufacturing slowdown during the pandemic era and the subsequent downturn in 2023. If we take a look at the manufacturing output figures for China, Europe and the Americas, the historic manufacturing contractions are synonymous with the decline in growth for the industrial robot market that we have observed in recent years.”

Historical Development of Automatic Control Principles

Historical development

The earliest automation control can be traced back to ancient China’s automation timers and leakage guide cars, while the widespread application of automation control technology began during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Watt, a British inventor, applied the principle of feedback while inventing the steam engine and invented the centrifugal governor in 1788. When the load or steam supply changes, the centrifugal governor can automatically adjust the opening of the intake valve to control the speed of the steam engine. [2]
More than 150 years ago, the first generation of process control systems was based on the pneumatic signal standard of 5-13psi (pneumatic control system PCS), Pneumatic Control System)。 A simple on-site operation mode, control theory has initially formed, and there is no concept of a control room yet.
The second generation process control system (analog or ACS, Analog Control System) is based on current analog signals of 0-10mA or 4-20mA. This significant advancement firmly dominated the entire field of automatic control for a full 25 years. It marks the arrival of the era of electrical automatic control. The control theory has made significant development, and the establishment of the three major control theories has laid the foundation for modern control; The establishment of control rooms and the mode of separating control functions have been used to this day.
The Third Generation Process Control System (CCS) began the application of digital computers in the 1970s, which gave rise to significant technological advantages. People were the first to use it in the fields of measurement, simulation, and logic control, leading to the emergence of the Third Generation Process Control System (CCS), Computer Control System)。 This is known as the third-generation process control system, which is a revolution in the field of automatic control. It fully leverages the strengths of computers, and people generally believe that computers can do everything well. Naturally, a central control computer system called “centralized control” emerged. It should be pointed out that the signal transmission system of the system is still mostly using 4-20mA analog signals. However, soon after, it was discovered that with the concentration and reliability of control, the danger of losing control has also increased, and even a slight mistake can paralyze the entire system. So it quickly developed into Distributed Control Systems (DCS).
The fourth generation process control system (DCS): With the rapid development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, the widespread use of microprocessors, and the significant increase in computer technology reliability, the fourth generation process control system (DCS) is currently widely used. Its main feature is that the entire control system is no longer just a single computer, but a control system composed of several computers, intelligent instruments, and intelligent components. So decentralized control became the most important feature. Another important development is that the signal transmission between them not only relies on 4-20mA analog signals, but also gradually replaces analog signals with digital signals.
The fifth generation process control system (FCS): FCS evolved from DCS, just like DCS evolved from CCS, with a qualitative leap. The development of “decentralized control” to “on-site control”; The transmission of data adopts a “bus” method. But the real difference between FCS and DCS is that FCS has a broader development space. Due to the continuous improvement of traditional DCS technology, the communication network only reaches the level of on-site control station at the lowest end. The connection between on-site control station and on-site detection instruments and actuators still uses one-to-one transmission of 4-20mA analog signals, which is costly, inefficient, and difficult to maintain. It cannot fully realize the potential of on-site instrument intelligence and achieve comprehensive monitoring and deep management of the working status of on-site equipment. The so-called fieldbus is a fully digital, bidirectional transmission, multi node branch structure communication link that connects intelligent measurement and control equipment. Simply put, traditional control is a loop, while FCS technology involves various modules such as controllers, actuators, detectors, etc. hanging on a bus to achieve communication, and of course, transmitting digital signals. The main buses include Profibus, LonWorks, etc.


1. 1940s – early 1960s:
Demand driving force: market competition, resource utilization, reducing labor intensity, improving product quality, and adapting to the needs of mass production. Main features: This stage is mainly a single machine automation stage, characterized by the emergence of various single machine automation processing equipment, and the continuous expansion of applications and development towards depth. Typical achievements and products: CNC machine tools for hardware CNC systems.
2. In the mid-1960s to early 1970s:
Demand driving force: Market competition intensifies, requiring fast product updates, high product quality, and adapting to the needs of large and medium batch production and reducing labor intensity. Main features: This stage is mainly marked by automatic production lines, which are characterized by the emergence of various combination machine tools and combination production lines on the basis of single machine automation. At the same time, software numerical control systems have emerged and been used for machine tools. CAD, CAM and other software have begun to be used in actual engineering design and manufacturing. At this stage, hardware processing equipment is suitable for large and medium batch production and processing. Typical achievements and products: an automatic production line used for drilling, boring, milling and other processing.
3. From the mid-1970s to present: Demand dynamics: Changes in the market environment have made common problems in multi variety, medium and small batch production increasingly severe, requiring automation technology to develop in its breadth and depth, making its related technologies highly integrated and exerting overall optimal efficiency. Main features: Since American scholars first proposed the concept of CIM in the early 1970s, there have been significant changes in the field of automation. Its main characteristics are that CIM has gradually been accepted as a philosophy and method by people; CIM is also a corresponding technology for implementing integration, integrating dispersed and independent unit automation technologies into an optimized whole. The so-called philosophy is that enterprises should analyze and overcome existing “bottlenecks” based on their needs, in order to achieve the ideological strategy of continuously improving their strength and competitiveness; As the corresponding technology for implementing integration, it is generally believed to be: data acquisition, distribution, and sharing; Network and communication; Workshop level equipment controller; The specifications, standards, etc. of computer hardware and software. Meanwhile, parallel engineering, as a business philosophy and work mode, has been applied and active in the field of automation technology since the late 1980s, and will further promote the integration of unit automation technology. Typical achievements and products: CIMS factory, flexible manufacturing system (FMS).
With the introduction of new achievements in modern applied mathematics and the application of electronic computers, in order to adapt to the development of aerospace technology, automatic control theory has entered a new stage – modern control theory. The main research focuses on the optimal control problem of multivariable variable parameters with high performance and precision, using the state space method based on the state. At present, the theory of automatic control is still developing, and intelligent control theory based on control theory, information theory, and bionics is deepening.
In order to achieve various complex control tasks, the controlled object and control device must be connected in a certain way to form an organic whole, which is the automatic control system. In automatic control systems, the output of the controlled object, also known as the controlled quantity, is a physical quantity that requires strict control. It can be required to maintain a constant value, such as temperature, pressure, or flight path; The control device is the overall mechanism that applies control to the controlled object. It can use different principles and methods to control the controlled object, but the most basic one is a feedback control system based on feedback control principles.
In a feedback control system, the control effect exerted by the control device on the controlled device is obtained from the feedback information of the controlled quantity, which is used to continuously correct the deviation between the controlled quantity and the control quantity to achieve the task of controlling the controlled quantity. This is the principle of feedback control.

Clean your beloved car

As an experienced driver who has been driving for 12 years, I have witnessed many car destruction behaviors.
We all know that cars are money burning goods. Buying a car is easy, but maintaining it is difficult. One mistake can cause trouble for your beloved car.
Among them, the most easily overlooked behavior is the seemingly normal one of washing cars.
The other day I chatted with some old irons, and they laughed at me and said, “Your car is too dirty, isn’t it? It’s like a mud monkey, and you don’t know how to wash it?” That’s just a way of discouraging, almost making me unable to resist saying, “It’s none of your business.”.
But when I thought about it, they were also good for me and patiently explained it, which surprised them all.
This has to start with washing the car.
As ordinary people, there are only a few ways to wash cars: either go to a car wash shop, go to a gas station, or wash them at your doorstep.
If you go to a car wash shop, it’s the most worry free. For one or two hundred yuan, the car can be washed just like new, and the engine compartment can be cleaned for you.
However, for us ordinary people, washing it once a month is considered a luxury.
Going to the gas station to wash the car may be convenient, but the car washing machine is called a damaged car.
Some gas station car washing equipment has several rolling wheels jumping up and down, and over time, the car paint is brushed off.
Not to mention those car window seals and wipers, they need to be replaced with new ones after a few uses. This car washing method, breaking the sesame seeds and losing the watermelon, is not cost-effective at all.


So many Laotie choose to wash their cars at home.
Not only does it save money, but it’s also convenient. You can handle it with just a bucket of water and a towel, and it can also show off and enjoy car washing.
Washing the car at this doorstep is mainly time-consuming and laborious, but most people think that washing it at home is better than washing it outside, at least not damaging the car paint.
But the fact is, washing a car at home is the easiest way to ruin it!
Let’s think about it. The car runs outside every day, covered in dust and mud. If you use a dirty towel to wipe it off, isn’t that sandpaper to polish the car paint?
Even if you clean the towel and rub against the car in an unclean area, it will still damage the car paint.
Over time, the car paint has been washed to a dull and dull finish, and to restore its shine, one has to spend money waxing it.
There is also the windshield, which is covered with a layer of expensive insulation film. If you accidentally rub a dirty towel and leave a few scratches, you will be at a great loss. Fix it, ranging from a few hundred to thousands. Think about it, is this washing the car or the money?
We wash the car at home, and the conditions are not professional either.
Without a suitable water gun and insufficient water pressure, the stains on the car paint cannot be cleaned; Without a professional car wash solution, the residual soap and water may corrode the car paint; Even after washing, it cannot be completely dried. As soon as the water droplets evaporate, the stains settle back onto the car.
It’s like renovating a used car, it’s strange if you don’t damage the car after washing it.
In contrast, professional car wash shops are different. The equipment is professional, the personnel are well-trained, and the car wash solution is carefully selected.
Before washing the car, first flush it with a high-pressure water gun, and the sediment will almost fall off. Then apply foam and towel, which is called a safety.
Car wash towels are also specially air dried and disinfected, so they won’t harm your car again.
So old Ties, if you have the habit of washing your car at home, I would advise you to change it as soon as possible. It’s better to keep dust and dust on than to waste it on your own. If you want to wash the car, it’s better to go to a professional store to do it. Don’t think it’s too expensive. Spending that little money would still allow your car to serve for a few more years, what a good deal.
However, on the other hand, even if we don’t wash the car, there are actually many behaviors of damaging it when we use it on a regular basis. For example, driving a car in place for half an hour or driving at low speeds for a long time without being willing to step on the accelerator are all misconceptions about loving a car, and over time, they can also cause harm to the car.
Like the hot car in situ, many old irons think that this is to protect the engine, but in fact, it is totally in practice. Now that it’s not an old-fashioned car, why should it be so hot for so long? Half a minute is enough. The hotter your car is, the more carbon accumulates, and the more fuel is wasted, which is harmful but not beneficial.
When driving at low speeds, I dare not give fuel, thinking that I am taking care of the engine, but little do I know that the gearbox is crying and fainting in the toilet. Long periods of high and low gears not only consume fuel, but also the gearbox cannot afford it. It has learned your driving habits, and with a sudden step, you can activate its “diabetes insipidus mode”.
So there is a way to love a car and a skill to use it. When it’s time to wash, find a professional to do it. When it’s time to heat up the car and speed up, don’t hesitate. This way, your car can live a long and healthy life, and spend more years with you.

Historical Development of Automatic Control Systems

Automatic control system refers to the use of some automatic control devices to automatically control certain key parameters in production, so that when they deviate from the normal state due to external interference (disturbance), they can be automatically adjusted and returned to the numerical range required by the process. Various process conditions cannot remain unchanged during the production process. Especially in chemical production, most of them are continuous production, and various equipment are interrelated. When the process conditions of one equipment change, it may cause some parameters in other equipment to fluctuate more or less, deviating from normal process conditions. Of course, automatic adjustment refers to the absence of direct human involvement.
After more than 20 years of development, the manufacturing industry of industrial automatic control system devices in China has made significant progress, especially since the 1990s, the output of China’s industrial automatic control system device manufacturing industry has maintained an annual growth of over 20%. In 2011, the manufacturing industry of industrial automatic control system devices in China achieved remarkable results. The total industrial output value completed throughout the year was 205.604 billion yuan; The product sales revenue was 199.673 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.66%; The total profit achieved was 20.284 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.74%. Domestic automatic control systems have successively achieved breakthroughs in the fields of thermal power, fertilizer, and oil refining.
The main players in China’s industrial automation market are software and hardware manufacturers, system integrators, and product distributors. In the field of software and hardware products, the mid to high end market is almost entirely monopolized by well-known foreign brand products, and this situation will continue to be maintained; In the field of system integration, multinational corporations occupy the high-end of the manufacturing industry, and companies with deep industry backgrounds take the initiative in related industry system integration businesses. System integration companies with rich application experience are highly competitive.


In the industrial automation market, there is a mismatch between supply and demand. What the customer needs is a complete electrical control system that can meet their own manufacturing process, while the supplier provides various standardized device products. There are significant differences in electrical control among different industries, and even within the same industry, customers have varying demands due to their different processes. The contradiction between supply and demand has created development space for the industrial automation industry.
China has the world’s largest market for industrial automatic control system devices. Traditional industrial technology transformation, factory automation, and enterprise informatization require a large number of industrial automation systems, and the market prospects are broad. Industrial control automation technology is developing towards intelligence, networking, and integration. Based on the promising development prospects of industrial automation control, it is expected that the market size of the industrial automation control system device manufacturing industry will exceed 350 billion yuan in 2015.
With the continuous intensification of competition in the industrial automatic control system device manufacturing industry, mergers and acquisitions and capital operations among large industrial automatic control system device manufacturing enterprises are becoming increasingly frequent. Excellent domestic industrial automatic control system device manufacturing enterprises are paying more and more attention to research on the industry market, especially in-depth research on the industrial development environment and product buyers.

PLC detailed introduction

The English name for programmable logic controller is Programmable Logic Controller, which was abbreviated as PC in the 1970s and 1980s. Due to the development of personal computers, also known as PCs, in the 1990s; In addition, the concept of programmable logic covers a wide range, so AB Company in the United States first named programmable logic controllers (PLCs). For convenience, PLC is still referred to as programmable logic controller. Some people refer to a system composed of programmable controllers as a PCS programmable control system, emphasizing that the manufacturer of programmable controllers has already provided people with a complete system.
The Development History of PLC
In 1968, General Motors of the United States proposed a requirement to replace relay control devices. The following year, Digital Corporation of the United States developed the first generation of programmable controllers, which met the requirements of GM’s assembly line. With the development of integrated circuit technology and computer technology, there are already fifth generation PLC products.
In the manufacturing industry characterized by changing geometric shape and mechanical properties, as well as in the process industry characterized by converting raw materials into products through physical and chemical changes, in addition to feedback control mainly based on continuous variables, there are a large number of open-loop sequential control mainly based on switch variables in the manufacturing industry, which operates in sequence according to logical conditions; In addition, there are controls for chain protection actions that are independent of sequence and timing and follow logical relationships; And a large number of state variables such as switch quantity, pulse quantity, timing, counter, analog quantity exceeding limit alarm are mainly collected and monitored for discrete quantity data. Due to these control and monitoring requirements, PLC has developed into a product that mainly replaces relay circuits and performs sequential control. Over the years of production practice, a tripartite balance has gradually emerged between PLC, DCS, and IPC, as shown in Table 1. Other single circuit intelligent regulators also account for a certain percentage in the market.
The period from the 1980s to the mid-1990s was the fastest growing period for PLC, with an annual growth rate of 30-40%. Due to the advancement of simulation capabilities and network functions of PLC machines, they have squeezed out a portion of the DCS market (process control) and gradually monopolized industries such as wastewater treatment. However, with the emergence of industrial PCs (IPC), especially the development of fieldbus technology, IPC and FCS have also squeezed out a portion of the PLC market. Therefore, the growth rate of PLC is generally slowing down. There are over 200 manufacturers worldwide producing over 300 varieties of PLC products, mainly used in industries such as automotive (23%), grain processing (16.4%), chemical/pharmaceutical (14.6%), metal/mining (11.5%), pulp/paper (11.3%), etc.


Market situation of PLC
There are about 30 domestic PLC production plants, but they have not formed a significant production capacity and branded products. Some of them are produced through imitation, incoming assembly, or “OEM” methods. Therefore, it can be said that PLC has not formed a manufacturing industry in China. As a product with no cutting-edge technical difficulties in terms of principles, technology, and processes, with hard work, it can form a manufacturing industry.
In terms of PLC applications, China is very active, with approximately 100000 new sets of PLC products invested each year and an annual sales revenue of 3 billion yuan. The industry is also widely used. However, compared to other countries, there is still a need to increase investment in the application of mechanical processing and production lines.
The market potential of PLC is enormous, not only in China, but also in industrialized Japan. Surveys have shown that the proportion of electromechanical integrated products matched with PLC accounts for 42%, and 24% are controlled by relays and contactors. So, there are still many occasions where PLC needs to be applied, and this is even more so in China.
From the perspective of technological innovation, China’s large and medium-sized enterprises still need to vigorously develop CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and form FMS flexible manufacturing systems in mechanical manufacturing plants. PLC is the foundation, so the PLC market is broad.
PLC has the advantages of stability, reliability, low price, complete functions, flexible and convenient application, and easy operation and maintenance. This is the fundamental reason why it can sustainably occupy the market. Below, we will focus on several issues and study its development trends.

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